German plural endings: -n, -e, -er, -s and the umlaut
One piece of good news first: in the plural every noun takes die. The hard part is the ending, and there are about seven of them. The gender of a noun is the best hint.
The endings
-n / -en · 37%
Almost every feminine noun, and the masculine ones ending in -e. Words ending in -in add -nen.
- die Schere → die Scheren
- die Katze → die Katzen
- die Banane → die Bananen
-e · 15%
Many masculine and neuter nouns.
umlaut + -e · 9%
Many short masculine nouns.
no change · 20%
Masculine and neuter nouns ending in -er, -el, -en, and every -chen and -lein.
- der Schlüssel → die Schlüssel
- der Löffel → die Löffel
- der Käse → die Käse
umlaut only · 2%
A few masculine nouns ending in -er or -el, and two feminine ones.
umlaut + -er · 5%
Short neuter nouns with a, o or u.
-s · 8%
Words from English or French, and words ending in a vowel other than -e.
- das Sofa → die Sofas
- das Restaurant → die Restaurants
- das Müsli → die Müslis
other · 1%
Words from Latin or Greek.
- das Gefängnis → die Gefängnisse
- das Publikum → die Publika
- das Museum → die Museen
The percentages are shares of the 1715 nouns with a plural in Nounland, A1 to B1. 61 more, like die Milch or das Wetter, have no plural at all.
Three hints that help
- Feminine? Then almost certainly -n or -en: die Lampe → die Lampen, die Zeitung → die Zeitungen.
- Masculine or neuter ending in -er, -el or -en? Usually no ending, sometimes an umlaut: der Löffel → die Löffel, der Apfel → die Äpfel.
- Short and neuter? Often -er with an umlaut: das Haus → die Häuser, das Buch → die Bücher.
The plural in the dative
In the dative plural the article is den and the noun adds -n, unless it already ends in -n or -s: mit den Kindernwith the children
Remember it with a picture
Nounland puts every noun in its world, each named after a noun with the same article: der like der Schnee, die like die Flamme, das like das Blatt. Picture the world, and the article comes back. Over 300 words are free, no app store needed.
Try Nounland free